race for world war 1 essays

race for world war 1 essays The Space Race grew out of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union, the most powerful nations after World War II. For a half-century, the two superpowers competed for primacy in a global struggle pitting a democratic society against totalitarian communism. Space was a crucial arena for this rivalry. Before a watchful world, each side sought to demonstrate its superiority through impressive feats in rocketry and spaceflight. Secret satellites kept a wary eye on the adversary. As the Space Race began, the United States and the Soviet Union were building rockets to use as long-range weapons. The United States initially favored bombers, but the Soviets preferred missiles and thus took an early lead in rocket technology. The spectacular public feats by the men and machines of two countries Racing to the Moon and Exploring the Moon thrilled the entire world with the enduring " firsts" of space exploration. At 1969, the Americans successfully landed on the moon. Ironically, the Russians shot out the first satellite to space before we made the remarkable landing on the moon. If tested on achievements, USA probably got the trophy. However, the Russians are the first to make the moves. At the end of the Cold War, the United States and Russia agreed to build a space station and pursue other joint ventures in space. A contest that began in fear and enmity has become a partnership. Created in 1949, NATO's main purpose is "Let Americans in, the Russians out, the Germans down", it's no doubt, the Soviet threat was central to NATO's creation and growth. It involved a collective identity, shared at many different levels (ideological, political, economic, and social) by its members, as well as the recognition of an opposing identity that gave meaning and direction to their efforts. As an alliance NATO is highly institutionalized, with excellent decision-making procedures and an extensive supporting bureaucracy. NATO als ...

Report on 2g Spectrum Essays

Report on 2g Spectrum Essays Report on 2g Spectrum Essay Report on 2g Spectrum Essay This is the biggest scam till now in India. The Supreme Court said that this 2G Scam is the mother of all the Scams. The 2G spectrum scam involved officials in the government of India illegally undercharging mobile telephony companies for frequency allocation licenses, which they would use to create 2G subscriptions for cell phones. The shortfall between the money collected and the money which the law mandated to be collected is 1,76,379crore rupees or USD 39 billion. The issuing of licenses occurred in 2008, but the scam came to public notice when the Indian Income Tax Department was investigating political lobbyist NiraRadia. The governments investigation and the governments reactions to the findings in the investigation were the subject of debate, as were the nature of the Indian medias reactions. The discussion around the reactions to the 2G spectrum scam became known in the media as the NiraRadia tapes controversy. A Raja ,the Ex-Minister of Communications andInformation Technology , is an Indian politician from the DMK, who sold the licences and played a key role in 2G Scam and also who knows full details regarding 2G Scam. Generally , Tele Communication companies have to take licence from Government by paying large amounts for their operations and also Government have many rules to give permission for new companies in Tele Communication. So,due to Raja , many companies got the licences very cheaply and also many new companies started their services with out eligibilitycriteria,which is illegal. Following is the information given by Comptroller and Auditor General(CAG): * On nov 11th,The Comptroller and Auditor General(CAG) announced that revenue loss for India due to Raja at Rs. . 8L Cr. CAG indicts Raja: * CAG says Raja caused Rs. 177,000crore loss to India. * Licences issued in 2008,pegged at 2001 prices. * Raja’s ministry sold spectrum to 9 companies in 2008 using faulty amp; outdated policy,causing Rs. 140,000 crore loss. * Doled out additional airwaves to existing telecos beyond what they were entitled to,causing an additional loss of nearly Rs. 37,000 crore to exchequer. * Raja gave dual l icence permits to RCOM amp; Tata tele in 2008 using old policy , causing a loss of up to Rs. 37,000 cr. Raja ignored advice of Telecom RegulatoryTRAI , Finance Ministry amp; Law Ministry on pricing airwaves at realistic amp; market-driven rates. * He ignored Prime Minister’s advice also to favouring some corporates,Raja flouted all norms. * Raja dished out pan-India airwaves for Rs. 1651 Crore despiteS tel offering Rs. 13,752croreamp; even willing to inhance this offer if the government were to receive a higher bid. * Six of the nine companies that were given licences did not fulfill the eligibility criteria , but communications ministry (Raja)did not reject their applications. The Six companies are: 1. Etisalat 2. Datacom(Videocon) 3. Unitech(which coded majority control to Norway Telenor) 4. AllianzInfratech 5. Loop Mobile 6. S Tel Criteria for working out potential loss Rates offered On the basis of Categoryby S Tel 3G auction New Licences Rs. 657525cr Rs. 102497cr Dual Technology Rs. 24591cr Rs. 37153cr Beyond contracted Quantity of 6. 2MHZ Rs. 36729cr Total Rs. 0316cr Rs. 176379cr WEB Of Allegations: * CAG says telecom ministry had flouted every canon of financial propriety,rules and procedures. * Raja issued licences to ineligible applicants:85 of 122 licences issued in 2008 were illegal as these cos had disclosed incomplete information , submitted fictitious documents and used fraudulent means to get permits. * Allianz Infratech ,Datacom(Videocon), Unitech(Telenor), S Tel, Loop Mobile and Etisalat were not eligible for mobile prmits. * Swan Telecom appeared to act as a ‘front company’ on behalf of Anil Ambhani-led Reliance Telecom. Profit list for spectrum changed in Punjab amp; Maharashtra to favour Swan. * Telecom ministry gave undue benefits to RC OM amp; Swan. Spectrum of Controversies: Spectrum Scam: * Amount paid by new Telecos for a pan-India licence in 2008: Rs. 1,651crore. * Estimated loss to exchequer on selling licences cheap:Rs. 140,000crore. Easy Money: * Swan Telecom taken the licence for Rs. 1537 crore and sold 45% stake to UAE’s Etisalat for $900m(Rs. 4200 cr). * Unitech taken licence for Rs. 1661 crore and sold 60. 00% to Norway’s Telenor for $1. 1 billion(Rs. 6200 cr). S Tel sold 49% to Bahrain’s Batelco for about $225m. * On nov 14th Raja quit as congress refuses to relent and KapilSibal taken the charge. Actions Taken By The Government To Prevent The 2G Scam: * Enforcement Directorate(ED) has writeen to countries from where money was received by Indian firms for details on investors amp; source of funds. * It is also examing role of prominent corporate lobbyist who is alleged to have player a role in influencing the way the permits were awarded to new companies. * Opposition (BJP)to press for Joint Parliamentary Committee probe. Janata Party President SubramaniamSwamy filed a complaint in Supreme Court on Raja. So, the issue is in SC. * The Telecom Regulatory has asked the Government to cancel 62 of the 122 licences issued by former Telecom Minister A Raja. * The CAG in its report said 85 of 122 licences given to six companies , notably Uninor,Videocon,LoopMobile,STel,Etisalat and AllinzInfratech were illegal as these firms were not eligible to obtain them. * ED quizzes NiiraRadia,who is a lobbyist amp; owner of Vaishnavi Corporate Communications that handles PR for of all Tata companies for role in 2G Scam for 7hours. Supreme Court given the case to CBI for investigation. * CBI raids Raja across the Spectrum. * CBI searches Raja houses in Delhi,Chennai. * SC questions Rs. 10,000cr loa ns to new licences. * Court asked CBI to examine the feasibility of probing the allocation of radio spectrum since 2001,when BJP-Led NDA Government was in power. * Judges appealed to be critical of a decision by SBI to lend Rs. 2500 cr to Uninor. * CBI told to court that they will complete the investigation in 3 months,later they told they need 6 months time. Some Of The Other Actions To Prevent 2G Scam: * The proceedings of the parliamentary committees should be made available to the media and public,so that people can understand the issue clearly. * The Government must take the serious and severe decisions especially in these type of scams,so that no one tries to cheat. * Government has to prove itself by arresting the illegal persons,whether they are anybody. * Both media and the general public must create an awareness that the government is a trustee of public money and assets and the people are the real owners. Media has played an important role in curving a public opinion . So,alert citizen and conscientious media. * Creating fast track prosecution. Finally†¦. Main issues in 2G Spectrum Scam: * 2G licences at throwaway prices * Rules bent,no procedures followed. Cut-off date advanced * No auction,no bids. First-come-first-served. * Swan Telecom licence:Rs. 1537 crore Sold 45% stake:Rs. 4200crore * Mobile subscriber base: 2001:4 million 2008:350 million * Unitech Wireless licence:Rs. 1661 crore Sold 60% stake:Rs. 6200crore * Revenue Loss:1. 8L Crore Licences issued in 2008,pegged at 2001 prices. * Law Ministry,FinanceMinistry,TRAI and PM’s advice ignored. * Government Revenue: 2G:Rs. 10772crore 3G:RS. 1 Lakh crore Souces: Economic Times Ndtv. com Wikipedia. com Rediff. com Report on 2G Spectrum Scam Submitted by: Dileep Madhur